<b>Attitudes of Pharmacy Students at Kyushu University of Health and Welfare Toward Kampo Medicine from a Questionnaire Survey Conducted in 2012</b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Kampo, the traditional Japanese Medicine, is an indispensable treatment methodology practiced by more than 70% of Japanese doctors. However, proper Kampo Medicine education for Japanese pharmacist still needs to be established. To better grasp how pharmacy students understand Kampo Medicine, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 1 st to 6 th year students at Kyushu University of Health and Welfare. The students answered that they were interested in Kampo Medicine (80.8%) and that Kampo education at college was a necessity (91.1%). Many (60.2%) of them were aware of their lack of Kampo medical knowledge, and 76.1% were willing to study it in future. In the free-written responses, some of the 1 st to 4 th year students wanted practical lessons in the handling of actual crude drugs. On the other hand, 5 th to 6 th year students wanted to know more about clinical evidence. A system of college education that meets these demands would surely boost post-graduate education in Kampo Medicine.

Study on Decocting Time for Rhubarb from Ancient Times / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Since ancient times in China, decocting times have been adjusted to improving objective medicinal effects. In medical texts, decocting times are dictated by the amount of water that is reduced. And in this report, we surveyed rhubarb (Chinese, Da-huang ; Japanese, Daio) formulation decocting times described in the earliest Shang-han-lun and Jin-gui-yao-lue texts, from the amount of water changed. We found that rhubarb decocting times could be divided into four 10-, 20-, 30- and 50-minute groups when rhubarb is decocted with other crude drugs, while when rhubarb is put in water after other crude drugs, decocting times could be divided into four 1-, 5-, 10- and 20-minute groups. Next, when we prepared rhubarb decoctions using unprocessed rhubarb and processed rhubarb, and compared change in the principal compounds eluted into those decoctions, we found that 80% or more of the principal compounds were eluted into a decoction when either unprocessed or processed rhubarb were decocted for 30 minutes. It was therefore clear that, in ancient times, rhubarb formulations were decocted for 10 to 30 minutes so that not all of the principle compounds would elute, or given 50 minutes to allow all the principle compounds to elute. Meanwhile, it was also clear that rhubarb was put in water1to 20 minutes before decocting finished, to adjust the amount of principle compound eluted.

A Herbological Study on the Medicinal Effects and Employments of Rhubarb Processed with Liquor (2) / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In traditional Chinese medicine, crude drugs are sometime processed and prepared for specific purposes. Rhubarb (Da-huang in Chinese; Daio in Japanese) has been processed by dipping or soaking it in huangjiu (Chinese fermented wine). However, the pharmacologic significance of this liquor processing has not been elucidated thoroughly. In this report, we describe how processing with ethanol altered the levels of the principal compounds in rhubarb: sennoside A, sennoside B, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, lindleyin, isolindleyin, and total tannins. Liquor-dipping, dipping rhubarb in 16% ethanol for 30 seconds, did not affect the content of sennosides. Thus, the purgative effect of rhubarb is likely to be preserved. Liquor-soaking, soaking rhubarb in ethanol for 12 to 24 hours, the content of sennosides and tannins decreased and the content of anthraquinones increased. Liquor-soaking of rhubarb may increase its anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby improving blood stasis. These results are in agreement with the descriptions in medicinal literatures published since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

Historical Studies about Medicinal Part of Chinese Crude Drug \lq\lqUncaria Hook\rq\rq (Part2) / 日本東洋医学雑誌

The crude Chinese drug “Uncaria hook” is a hook, or a twig with an attached hook of Uncaria plants seen in today's Chinese and Japanese medicinal markets. However, through herbological studies we found that the botanical origin of Uncaria hook was Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq., and that until the middle of Ming Dynasty in ancient China, the medicinal part used was the twig bark, not the hook itself, and use of the twig with hook was begun in the later Ming Dynasty. This change in practice seems to have been influenced by herbal descriptions written in the Ming Dynasty. Some of these stated that the medical effect of hooks was stronger than that of the bark.To determine the appropriate medicinal part of this crude drug in terms of chemical quality, we analyzed the alkaloid contents of Uncaria rhynchophylla bark, hooks, and twigs collected in Japan. Our result showed that the alkaloid content of the bark was higher than that of the twigs and hooks. Rhynchophylline and hirsutine, the alkaloid contained in Uncaria hook, were reported to improve memory learning and to cure hypertension, respectively. Since the alkaloid content profile of the bark was different from that of the hook, a question arose as to whether the medicinal properties of the part commonly used as “Uncaria hook” meet the requirement of the crude drug. Further pharmacological study is expected.